测定氨氮的经验点滴

用纳氏比色法测定NH3-N时,在保证斜率不变(b=0.0037)的条件下,减少显色剂中HgCI2-KI三分之二的含量,聚乙烯醇做胶体稳定剂,显著提高了显色剂和显色的稳定度,并大大降低了空白吸光度.以KOH和酒石酸钾纳做缓冲溶液,并增加KOH一倍的含量,保持恒定的显色碱度,同时也掩蔽了金属离子的干扰.测定废水,先做一条件试验,确定氨氮废水的稀释比,是测定氨氮的重要步骤.     

分光光度法测定痕量铅

本文实验了Pb~(2+)—kI—丁基罗丹明B显色体系在阿拉伯胶和聚乙烯醇共同存在时的超高灵敏显色反应。缔合物最大吸收波长605nm,表观摩尔吸光系数ε=1.04×10~6L·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1)。结合巯基棉分离技术,测定了尿液和城市废水、嘉陵江水中的痕量铅,结果满意。     

超声波降解水溶液中叔丁醇的研究

研究了超声场降解水溶液中叔丁醇的行为，并探讨了反应动力学模式。实验表明．在本实验条件下超声波降解叔丁醇能够达到较好的降解效果。叔丁醇的去除率随着超声辐射时间的延长而提高，在频率为20kHz、功率为1500W的超声场下，作用80min能够达到90％左右的去除率。反映体系的降解速率随着反应温度的提高而升高，随着初始浓度的增大而降低：反应体系的pH值对叔丁醇的降解率影响不大：溶液中溶解气体的种类对降解效果有一定影响。反应速率常数按照由快到慢的顺序为ko2〉k未作处理〉kN2。在一定的初始浓度条件下，超声波降解叔丁醇的反应符合假一级反应动力学模式。     

Fenton试剂和氨吹脱法处理苯唑醇废水的试验研究

采用Fenton试剂催化氧化和氨吹脱法对苯唑醇生产废水的处理进行了研究。实验结果表明 ,此方法对废水的CODCr和氨氮具有良好的去除效果 ,平均去除率分别达到 73 .5 %和 95 %以上。处理后废水的BOD5 CODCr>0 .45 ,其可生化性良好。该技术具有能耗低、操作简便等优点     

糖蜜酒精废水厌氧可生化性实验研究

采用自制的球形反应器对糖蜜酒精废水进行厌氧可生化性研究.实验持续了40 d,CODcr从38 652 mg·L-1下降到6 094 mg·L-1,总去除率达84.23%.说明糖蜜酒精废水的厌氧可生化性较好;硫酸盐浓度由最初的3 860 mg·L-1下降到470 mg·L-1,去除率为87.82%.同时,有机污染物的去除高峰期比其硫酸盐延迟了2～4 d,说明可以通过控制运行反应条件和参数,对该废水采用两相厌氧处理工艺,在产酸相提前去除大部分的硫酸盐,减弱高浓度硫酸盐对厌氧反应的抑制作用.     

Using alcohol intoxication goggles (Fatal Vision® goggles) to detect alcohol related impairment in simulated driving

Objective: Fatal vision goggles (FVGs) are image-distorting equipment used within driver education programs to simulate alcohol-related impairment. However, there is no empirical evidence comparing the behavioral effects associated with wearing FVGs to alcohol intoxication. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of FVGs in producing alcohol-related impairment in simulated driving.

Methods: Twenty-two healthy males (age: 23 ± 3 years, mean ± SD) participated in a placebo-controlled crossover design study involving 4 experimental trials. In each trial, participants completed a baseline level simulated driving task followed by an experimental driving task, involving one of 4 treatments: (1) a dose of alcohol designed to elicit 0.080% breath alcohol concentration (BrAC; AB), (2) an alcohol placebo beverage (PB), (3) FVG (estimated % blood alcohol concentration [BAC] 0.070–0.100+), and (4) placebo goggles (PGs). The driving tasks included 3 separate scenarios lasting ～5 min each; these were a simple driving scenario, a complex driving scenario, and a hazard perception driving scenario. Selected lateral control parameters (standard deviation of lane position [SDLP]; total number of lane crossings [LCs]) and longitudinal control parameters (average speed; standard deviation of speed [SDSP]; distance headway; minimum distance headway) were monitored during the simple and complex driving scenarios. Latency to 2 different stimuli (choice reaction time [CRT]) was tested in the hazard perception driving scenario. Subjective ratings of mood and attitudes toward driving were also provided during each of the trials.

Results: Neither placebo treatment influenced simulated driving performance. Mean BrAC was 0.060 ± 0.010% at the time of driving on the AB trial. Lateral control: In the simple driving scenario, SDLP and LC were not affected under any of the experimental treatments. However, in the complex driving scenario, significantly greater SDLP was observed on both the FVG and AB trials compared to their respective baseline drives. LC increased significantly from baseline on the AB trial only. Longitudinal control: Speed was not affected by any of the experimental treatments; however, SDSP increased significantly from baseline on the FVG trial. A significant reduction in distance headway and minimum distance headway was detected on the FVG trial compared to baseline. Hazard perception: Neither AB nor FVG trials were influential on CRT. Subjective mood ratings were significantly altered on the AB and FVG trials compared to baseline and placebo conditions. Participants reported reduced willingness and ability to drive under the active treatments (AB and FVG) than the placebo treatments (PB and PG).

Conclusions: FVGs may have some utility in replicating alcohol-related impairment on specific driving performance measurements. Hence, the equipment may offer an alternative approach to researching the impact of alcohol intoxication on simulated driving performance among populations where the provision of alcohol would otherwise be unethical (e.g., prelicensed drivers).     

Are you okay to drive? Commuting behavior and blood alcohol concentrations among restaurant diners

Objective: Drink driving is widely recognized as a major road safety problem. In Australia, health promotion messages encourage monitoring the number of standard drinks consumed prior to driving. This pilot research aimed to investigate commuting behavior and blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of diners, including intended drivers, at Sunshine Coast restaurants.

Methods: Five hundred and forty-four diners (n = 260 males) consented to participate in a brief interview and to use a breathalyzer device to measure their BAC.

Results: Forty percent of participants advised they don't drink and drive (34% of males, 45% of females; 67.25% of <17–20 years, 30.5% of 50–59 years), and of the remaining participants, 75% advised they count the number of their drinks (69% of males, 84% of females; 32% of <17–20 years, 82% of 50–59 years), while 10% of participants monitored their BAC by how they were feeling (12% of males, 6% of females). Thirty-seven percent of participants said it was easy/very easy to estimate their BAC (41% of males; 33% of females; 21% of <17–20 years, 43% of 50–59 years). The actual BAC was less than expected for 56% of participants, with one-third underestimating BAC and some intended drivers having an actual BAC in excess of the 0.05 limit.

Conclusions: Given the proportion of diners who reported they count the number of drinks, or use feelings as a way to gauge BAC, coupled with the considerable proportion who underestimated their BAC, a safer public health message is to avoid driving if you intend to drink. In addition, targeted intervention for experienced drivers (and, arguably, drinkers) appears warranted, as every participant aged less than 21 years who stated he or she would drive home indeed had a zero BAC. Interestingly every female driver who stated she would be driving home also had a legal BAC, suggesting gender-specific intervention.     

Roadside survey on alcohol and drug use among drivers in the Arctic county of Finnmark (Norway)

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of alcohol and potentially impairing drugs among the general driving population in Finnmark and to compare the prevalence among Norwegian, Russian, and other foreign drivers by analyzing samples of oral fluid.

Methods: In collaboration with local police, drivers were selected for a voluntary and anonymous study using a multistage cluster sampling procedure (selection of roads, time intervals, and drivers within each interval) from September 2014 to October 2015. Age, gender, citizenship, time, and geographical site were recorded. Samples of oral fluid were collected using the Quantisal device. The samples were analyzed for alcohol with an enzymatic method and for 12 illicit drugs and 16 medicinal drugs and some metabolites using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection.

Results: A total of 3,228 drivers were asked to participate in the study. The refusal rate was 6.2%. Of the 3,027 participants in the study, 111 (3.7%) were Russian and 204 (6.7%) had citizenship other than Norwegian or Russian. The total prevalence of psychoactive substances was 4.3%. Alcohol was detected in 0.3%, psychoactive medicinal drugs in 2.5%, and illicit drugs in 1.6% of the samples. The most commonly found substances were the sleeping agent zopiclone (1.1%), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC; 1.1%), and the analgesic agent codeine (0.6%). Illicit drugs were detected significantly more often in samples from drivers of citizenship other than Norwegian or Russian. The prevalence of alcohol was somewhat higher among Russian drivers but not statistically significant. There were large differences between age groups and genders concerning illicit drugs and psychoactive medicinal drugs; illicit drugs were more frequently in samples from young male drivers, whereas psychoactive medicinal drugs were more frequently in samples from elderly female drivers.

Conclusion: The total prevalence of alcohol and drugs among the general driving population in Finnmark was low and similar to previous Norwegian roadside surveys. Illicit drugs were detected significantly more often in samples from drivers with citizenship other than Russian and Norwegian and among young male drivers.     

胞外聚合物对MBR中改性无纺布过滤性能的影响

采用统计分析方法研究了胞外聚合物(extra-cellular polymeric sub6tances, EPS)对浸渍式膜生物反应器(submerged membrane bioreactor, SMBR)中聚乙烯醇改性聚丙烯无纺布过滤性能的影响.结果表明,无纺布膜组件表面污泥的溶解性EPS(soluble EPS, EPSs)、EPSs,组成(protein/carbohydrate, P/C)以及相对疏水性(relative hydrophobicity, RH)对膜的过滤性能有显著影响,与膜污染阻力的皮尔逊相关系数(rp)分别为:0.868、0.840、0.890;改性无纺布膜组件能有效抑制EPSs,的吸附、降低EPSs组分中P/C的比率、减少活性污泥的沉积.表明聚丙烯无纺布通过亲水改性后,过滤性能得到明显改善,表现出一定的耐污染性.     

吡草醚水解动力学的研究

研究了吡草醚在不同pH和温度条件下的降解动力学情况,以及在三种生态水样和土悬液中的水解情况。结果表明,吡草醚在酸性水环境中比较稳定,在中性和碱性环境中易降解;水解反应速率随反应温度的升高而增大;吡草醚在三种生态水中的降解速率较快,降解半衰期分别为：水库水4．56d,河水3．96d,池塘水1．35d;吡草醚在土悬液中降解较快,这与其碱性条件和含量较高的可溶性碳有关。